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인터넷타임즈
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화염병의 이력서: 탱크 공격용으로 발명!
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미국에선 화염병을 제조, 사용하면 對테러 부대가 출동한다!
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화염병은 石油를 병에 넣고 헝겊 같은 것으로 마개를 끼운 뒤에 불을 붙여 목표물을 향하여 던지는 것이다. 목표물에 충돌, 병이 깨어지면 기름이 튀어나와 순간적으로 불에 붙어 집도 태우고, 탱크도 無力化시키며, 사람을 죽인다.
화염병은 1936년 스페인 내전 때 프랑코 장군이 좌파를 지원하던 소련의 탱크를 상대로 사용하도록 하였다. 1939년 소련군은 핀란드로 쳐들어갔다. 핀란드 병사들은 소련 탱크를 상대로 화염병을 사용하였다. 몰로토프 칵테일이란 별명이 붙은 것은, 당시 소련 외무장관이던 몰로토프가 핀란드를 폭격한 소련의 행위를 '식량을 투하하였다'고 거짓말 한 데서 유래한다. 핀란드 군대는 공장에서 화염병을 대량 제조하였다. 총45만 개를 만들었다.
화염병은 탱크의 엔진부위를 맞춰야 가장 효과가 있다. 엔진의 부속품들을 태워 탱크가 움직이지 못하게 하고, 탱크안에서 병사들이 바깥으로 나오는 것을 기다렸다가 소총으로 갈겼다.
1944년 유태인들이 폴란드의 바르샤바 격리지구에서 나치군대를 상대로 봉기할 때도 화염병을 썼다. 일본군과 소련군이 싸운 노몬한(몽골-만주 접경지대) 전투 때도 장비가 열세였던 일본군은 화염병으로 소련 탱크를 공격하였다. 일본군은 수백 대를 파괴하였다고 발표하였다.
1956년 헝가리 봉기 때, 1968년 체코 봉기 때 시민들이 화염병으로 소련 탱크를 공격하였다. 北아일란드에서도 시위대가 영국 경찰을 화염병으로 공격하였다. 한국에서 화염병이 처음으로 쓰여진 것이 언제인지는 확실하지 않으나 1980년대에 많이 쓰였다. 1989년 부산 동의대 사태 때는 학생들이 던진 화염병으로 인한 화재로 경찰관 일곱 명이 죽었다. 시위대가, 화염병을 외국 군대가 아니라 自國의 경찰관이나 민간인들을 상대로 쓰는 나라는 퍽 드물다.
미국에선 화염병을 무기로 간주하여 화염병을 만들고 사용하는 자들을 ATF(Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives)라는 對테러 기관에서 다루도록 하였다. ATF는 직원이 약4600명이고, 연방기구이다. 신입 직원에 대한 교육이 혹독한 것으로 유명하다. 한국처럼 화염병 제조, 투척 행위를 언론과 정치인이 나서서 편드는 나라는 세계에서 매우 드물다. 선진국群엔 없다.
탱크를 공격하던 무기를 행인, 경찰관, 버스, 택시, 건물을 향하여 100발 이상 던진 집단. 이들을 경찰이 진압하였다고 경찰을 몰아세우는 공직자는 자신이 모는 배에 불을 지르는 선장보다 못한 인간들이다.
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Molotov cocktail
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[edit] Mechanism
In its simplest form, a Molotov cocktail is a glass bottle containing petrol fuel usually with a source of ignition such as a burning, fuel soaked, cloth wick held in place by the bottle's stopper.
In action the fuse is lit and the bottle hurled at a target such as a vehicle or fortification. When the bottle smashes on impact, the ensuing cloud of petrol droplets and vapor are ignited, causing an immediate fireball followed by a raging fire as the remainder of the fuel is consumed.
Other flammable liquids such as wood alcohol and turpentine have been used in place of petrol. Thickening agents such as tar, sugar, animal blood, XPS foam, egg whites, motor oil, rubber cement, and dish soap have been added to the fuel, analogously to the use of napalm, to help the burning liquid adhere to the target and create clouds of thick choking smoke.
[edit] Development and use in war
The original design of Molotov cocktail produced by the Finnish alcohol monopoly ALKO during the Winter War of 1939–1940. The bottle has storm matches instead of a rag for a fuse.During World War II, when Finland refused to surrender some strategic ports to the Soviet Union, the Soviets invaded in November 1939, after the Shelling of Mainila. The Finnish Army, facing Red Army tanks in what came to be known as the Winter War, borrowed an improvised incendiary device design from the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War. In that conflict, General Francisco Franco ordered Spanish Nationalists to use the weapon against Soviet T-26 tanks supporting the Spanish Republicans in a failed 1936 Soviet assault near Toledo, 30 km from Madrid.[1]
When Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov claimed in radio broadcasts that the Soviet Union were not dropping bombs but rather delivering food to the starving Finns, the Finns started to call the air bombs Molotov bread baskets.[2] Soon they responded by attacking advancing tanks with "Molotov cocktails". At first, the term was used to describe only the burning mixture itself, but in practical use the term was soon applied to the combination of both the bottle and its contents. This Finnish use of the hand- or sling-thrown explosive against Soviet tanks was repeated in the subsequent Continuation War. Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Alko corporation at its Rajamäki distillery, bundled with matches to light them. Production totalled 450,000 during the Winter War. The original design of Molotov cocktail was a mixture of ethanol, tar and gasoline in a 750 ml bottle. The bottle had two long pyrotechnic storm matches attached to either side. Before use one or both of the matches was lit; when the bottle broke on impact, the mixture ignited. The storm matches were found to be safer to use than a burning rag on the mouth of the bottle.
A display of improvised munitions, including a Molotov cocktail, from the Warsaw Uprising, 1944They also saw use during the Nomonhan Incident, a border conflict ostensibly between Mongolia and Manchukuo that saw heavy fighting between Japanese and Soviet forces. Short of anti-tank equipment, Japanese infantry attacked Soviet tanks with gasoline-filled bottles. Japanese infantrymen claimed that several hundred Soviet tanks had been destroyed through the use of Molotov cocktails, though Soviet loss records do not support this assessment.[3]
The Polish home army developed a version[4] which ignited on impact thus avoiding the need to light the fuse before throwing. Ignition was caused by a reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid mixed with the fuel and a mixture of potassium chlorate and sugar which was crystalized from solution onto a rag attached to the bottle.
Molotov cocktail thrown at a tank, particularly in the area of the engine block, can destroy the machine making the heat that suffices to ignite the fuel reservoir and melt some connection pipes. It should be noted while Molotov cocktails may be a psychologically effective method of disabling tanks and armoured vehicles by forcing the crew out or damaging external components, most modern tanks cannot be physically destroyed or rendered completely inoperable by Molotov cocktails; only "disabled". Most tanks and IFVs of the 21st century have specially designed Nuclear, Biological and Chemical protective systems that make them internally air-tight and sealed; well protected from vapors, gases, and liquids. Modern tanks possess very thick Composite Armour consisting of layers of steel, ceramics, plastics and Kevlar, which makes them extremely difficult to destroy by Molotov cocktails alone, as these materials have melting points well above the burning temperature of gasoline. Damaging external components such as optical systems, antennas, externally-mounted weapons systems or ventilation ports and openings is however possible and can make a tank virtually "blind" or allow burning gasoline to seep into the vehicle, forcing the crew to at least open the hatches or perhaps abandon the vehicle. If thrown into a tank, it would, like most other grenades, kill the crew inside.
[edit] Use by civilians
A mural in Derry, Northern Ireland, of a young boy in a gas mask holding a petrol bomb during the Battle of the Bogside, August 1969
Prague, 1968 This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (December 2008)
Taiwanese rebels employed an early version of the Molotov cocktail, fueled by kerosene, against Japanese police forces during the anti-colonial Ta-pa-ni Incident in 1915.[5]
Molotov cocktails played a role in the Hungarian revolution. It was the only anti-tank weapon widely available that could disable the Soviet T-34 tanks.
Molotov cocktails were used in Prague to express disapproval of the invading Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia in 1968 (see Prague Spring for details).
Petrol bombs were widely used throughout the Troubles in Northern Ireland in riots, directed towards the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) or the British Army. Petrol bombs are still used by Anglican sectarian gangs against innocent civilians
In 1980s, South Korean protesters used Molotov cocktails as a tool to fight against the notorious combat police and the government of Chun Doo-hwan.
During the Oldham Riots on 26 May 2001 in Oldham, England, petrol bombs were the primary projectile used by youths against riot police.
During the Columbine High School massacre, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold built and threw several Molotov cocktails; none of them ignited successfully.
Molotov cocktails were also employed against the police during the recent Copenhagen March-riots and during the Cigar Box riot (May 14, 2007) in Freetown Christiania, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Molotov cocktails have been used by the Palestinians against the Israel Defence Forces.
Molotov cocktails have been used by various Lebanese sectarian factions in street conflicts in Beirut.
During the Apartheid Era in the Republic of South Africa, Molotov cocktails were used against the South African Police Force and South African Defence Force.
In France, there were also rumors during the closing days of the Paris Commune in 1871 of lower-class women known as pétroleuses, who reportedly committed arson against private property and public buildings by throwing bottles full of petroleum or paraffin into cellars. Though the story was later disproved and is believed to have been anti-Commune propaganda, it was still widely believed until the 20th century.
The Los Angeles riots of 1992 involved extensive use of Molotov cocktails by rioters, leading to entire city blocks in the South Central area being burnt down.
The 2008 Greek riots saw the use of Molotov cocktails against riot police.[6]
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives)
Agency Overview
Formed July 1, 1972
Preceding agency Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
Employees 4,559 (2006)
Annual Budget 1 billion USD
Legal personality Governmental agency
Jurisdictional Structure
Federal agency United States
General nature Civilian agency
Federal law enforcement
Operational Structure
Headquarters Washington, D.C.
Agency executives Michael J. Sullivan, Acting Director
Ronnie A. Carter, Deputy Director
Parent agency Department of Justice
Website
http://www.atf.gov
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (abbreviated ATF) is a specialized federal law enforcement and regulatory organization within the United States Department of Justice.[1] Its responsibilities include the investigation and prevention of federal offenses involving the unlawful use, manufacture, and possession of firearms and explosives, acts of arson and bombings, and illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco products. The ATF also regulates via licensing the sale, possession, and transportation of firearms, ammunition, and explosives in interstate commerce. Many of ATF's activities are carried out in conjunction with task forces made up of state and local law enforcement officers, such as Project Safe Neighborhoods. ATF operates a one-of-a-kind fire research laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, where full-scale mock-ups of criminal arsons can be reconstructed.
The agency is led by Michael J. Sullivan, Acting Director[2] and Ronnie A. Carter, Deputy Director.[3] ATF has nearly 5,000 employees and an annual budget of $1 billion.[2]
Contents [hide]
1 Organizational history
2 Personnel
3 Hiring and Training
4 Regulation of firearms
5 Regulation of explosives
6 Criticism
6.1 ATF during the 1990s
7 Directors
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
[edit] Organizational history
The ATF was formerly part of the United States Department of the Treasury, having been formed in 1886 as the "Revenue Laboratory" within the Treasury Department's Bureau of Internal Revenue. The history of ATF can be subsequently traced to the time of the revenuers or "revenoors"[4] and the Bureau of Prohibition, which was formed as a unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue in 1920, was made an independent agency within the Treasury Department in 1927, was transferred to the Justice Department in 1930, and became, briefly, a subordinate division of the FBI in 1933.
When the Volstead Act was repealed in December 1933, the Unit was transferred from the Department of Justice back to the Department of the Treasury where it became the Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Special Agent Eliot Ness and several members of "Untouchables", who had worked for the Prohibition Bureau while the Volstead Act was still in force, were transferred to the ATU. In 1942, responsibility for enforcing federal firearms laws was given to the ATU.
In the early 1950s, the name of the Bureau of Internal Revenue was changed to "Internal Revenue Service" (IRS),[5] and the ATU was given the additional responsibility of enforcing federal tobacco tax laws. At this time, the name of the ATU was changed to the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division (ATTD).
In 1968, with the passage of the Gun Control Act, the agency changed its name again, this time to the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Division of the IRS and first began to be referred to by the initials "ATF." In 1972, President Richard Nixon signed an Executive Order creating a separate Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms within the Treasury Department. Rex D. Davis oversaw the transition, becoming the bureau's first director, having headed the division since 1970. During his tenure, Davis shepherded the organization into a agency targeting political terrorists and organized crime.[6] However, taxation and other alcohol issues were not held to high importance standards during that time.
In the wake of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush signed into law the Homeland Security Act of 2002. In addition to creating of the Department of Homeland Security, the law shifted ATF (and its investigative and regulatory inspection functions) from the Treasury Department to the Justice Department. The agency's name was changed to Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. However, the agency still was referred to as the "ATF" for all purposes. Additionally, the task of collection of federal tax revenue derived from the production of tobacco and alcohol products and the regulatory function related to protecting the public in issues related to the production of alcohol, previously handled by the Bureau of Internal Revenue as well as by ATF, was transferred to the newly established Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), which remained within the Treasury Department. These changes took effect January 24, 2003.
[edit] Personnel
ATF Investigators working at a fire scene.ATF, as a bureau, consists of several different groups that each have their own respective role, commanding by a director. Special Agents are empowered to conduct criminal investigations, defend the United States against international and domestic terrorism, and work with state and local police officers to reduce violent crime on a national level. ATF Special Agents have some of the broadest authority of any federal agency, as ATF Special Agents are empowered by 18 USC 3051 to enforce any violation of Federal law under any statute in the United States Code. Specifically, ATF special agents have lead investigative authority on any federal crime committed with a firearm or explosive, as well as investigative authority over regulatory referrals and tobacco trafficking. ATF special agents also often enforce violations of the Uniformed Controlled Substances Act, and have the statutory authority to conduct narcotics cases independently of the Drug Enforcement Administration or any other agency. ATF Special Agents consistently rank at the top or near the top of all federal agencies in cases referred for prosecution, arrests made, and average time per defendant on an annual basis. [7] Special Agents currently comprise around 2,400 of the Agency's approximately 5,000 personnel.
ATF Inspectors and Investigators are charged with regulating the gun and explosive industry. These men and women are not armed law enforcement officers but have administrative authority to search and conduct inspections, as well as to recommend revocation and/or non-renewal of Federal Firearms Licenses to licensees who are in violation of Federal firearms laws and regulations.
The remainder of the Bureau is personnel in various staff roles from office administrative assistants to intelligence analysts and electronic specialists. Additionally, ATF relies heavily on state and local task force officers to supplement the Special Agents and who are not officially part of the ATF roster.
[edit] Hiring and Training
ATF Special Agent hiring is fiercely competitive, comparable to the selection process of other Special Agent positions in sister agencies. Typically far less than 5% of qualified applicants- those possessing at minimum a four year degree and competitive work experience (which is usually four or more years at a local or state police department) are eventually hired. ATF's hiring process has a nondisclosure agreement so the specific details of the process are not completely revealed, however applicants must pass a rigorous background check in order to achieve, at minimum, a top secret clearance. In addition to the background check agents must pass written tests, multiple physical fitness tests, interviews and medical exams to even be considered to be selected for training.
ATF Special Agents train at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center at Glynco, Georgia. ATF Special Agents must complete a 27 week training program, one of the longest training programs in the United States and far longer than any other training program of Justice Department Special Agents (FBI, DEA, USMS). This training program currently consists of a one week pre-Basic, the twelve week basic Criminal Investigator Training Program, and a fourteen week Special Agent Basic Training Course. Only then are Special Agents released to a field office to begin a three year probationary tour.
[edit] Regulation of firearms
ATF is responsible for regulating firearm commerce in the United States. The Bureau issues Federal Firearms Licenses (FFL) to sellers, and conducts firearms licensee inspections. The Bureau is also involved in programs aimed at reducing gun violence in the United States, by targeting and arresting, violent offenders who unlawfully possess firearms. ATF was also involved with the Youth Crime Gun Interdiction Initiative, which expanded tracing of firearms recovered by law enforcement, and the ongoing Comprehensive Crime Gun Tracing Initiative.[8] ATF also provides support to state and local investigators, through the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) program.
[edit] Regulation of explosives
With the passage of the Organized Crime Control Act (OCCA) in 1970, ATF took over the regulation of explosives in the United States, as well as prosecution of persons engaged in criminal acts involving explosives. One of the most notable investigations successfully conducted by ATF agents was the tracing of the car used in the World Trade Center 1993 bombings, which led to the arrest of persons involved in the conspiracy.
[edit] Criticism
ATF headquarters in Washington, D.C.
[edit] ATF during the 1990s
Two incidents in the early 1990s brought criticism to the agency, as well as to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, specifically the FBI's Hostage Rescue Team and the U.S. Marshals.
The first incident occurred on August 21, 1992, in northern Idaho and is known as the Ruby Ridge incident. US Marshals seeking to arrest Randy Weaver for failing to appear in court to answer charges relating to selling an illegally shortened sawed-off shotgun, shot and killed his son, Samuel and wife, Vicki. The incident has become a lightning rod for legal activists within the gun rights community.
The second incident was the Waco Siege of the Branch Davidian community in Waco, Texas on February 28, 1993 when ATF agents attempted to execute a federal search warrant on the cult's compound, known as Mt. Carmel. The Branch Davidians were alerted to the upcoming warrant execution and ambushed the agents as they arrived at the compound.[dubious – discuss] The Branch Davidians opened fire on the agents, and the resulting exchange of gunfire left six Davidians and four ATF agents dead. The Federal Bureau of Investigation took over the scene and a 51-day stand-off ensued, ending on April 19, 1993, when after the FBI introduced tear gas into the main building on the compound and a fire engulfed the whole structure. The followup investigation revealed the bodies of seventy six people including twenty children inside the compound. Post-mortem examinations of the bodies showed that a number of the victims were shot in the back or in the head at close range and that few if anyone died as a result of the fire.[citation needed] Although a grand jury found that the deaths were suicides or otherwise caused by people inside the building, widespread accusations of excessive force by law enforcement persist.[9][dubious – discuss]
[edit] Directors
1970-1979 Rex D. Davis
1979-1982 G.R. Dickerson
1982-1993 Stephen Higgins
1993-1999 John Magaw
1999-2004 Bradley A. Buckles
2004 Edgar A. Domenech (1st time - acting)
2004-2006 Carl Truscott
2006 Edgar A. Domenech (2nd time - acting)
2006- Michael Sullivan (acting)
출처 조갑제 닷컴
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