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Àú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»¾¸ µå¸®°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â ¼­¿ï¿¡¼­ ´ëÇÐÀ» ´Ù´Ï¸ç °æÁ¦ÇÐÀ» Àü°øÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ROTC Àå±³·Î º¹¹«Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ÈÄ¿¡ MIT Sloan °æ¿µ´ëÇпø¿¡¼­ °øºÎÇß½À´Ï´Ù.





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±×¸®°í Àú¸¦ MJ¶ó ºÒ·¯ Áֽøé ÁÁ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. À۳⿡ Àú´Â Á¤ÀÇ·Ð °­ÀÇ·Î À¯¸íÇÑ ÇϹöµå ´ëÇÐÀÇ ¸¶ÀÌŬ Á¶¼¼ÇÁ »÷µ¨ ±³¼ö´ÔÀ» Çѱ¹¿¡ ÃÊûÇß¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¹Ý°©°Ôµµ »÷µ¨ ±³¼ö´Ôµµ MJ ½Ã´õ±º¿ä. »÷µ¨ ±³¼ö´Ô ¿Ü¿¡µµ Á¤¸» ¸¹Àº MJ°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¹Í Àç°Å (Mick Jagger), ¸¶ÀÌŬ Á¶´ø (Michael Jordan), ±×¸®°í ¸ÅÁ÷ Á¸½¼ (Magic Johnson) ±îÁö. ¸ðµÎ ´Ù Á¦ ¸Õ ģô»¹À̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁÒ. ±×·³ Áö±ÝºÎÅÍ Àú¸¦ MJ¶ó ºÒ·¯Áֽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù.











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±×·¯³ª Áö±ÝÀº ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ½ÃÀå°æÁ¦ üÁ¦¸¦ äÅÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ì±¹, EU, ÀϺ» µî ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀÌ À§±â¸¦ °Þ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.





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¿À´ÃÀÇ Çö½ÇÀº ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ°¡ ³»ºÎ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸ÁÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ Ä® ¸¼½ºÀÇ ¸»À» »õ»ï ¶°¿Ã¸®°Ô ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¸¼½º°¡ °á±¹ ¿Ç¾Ò´ø °ÍÀϱî¿ä? Àú´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¾Æ´Ï±æ ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù. ¸¼½º°¡ °£°úÇÑ °ÍÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ù ¹ø°´Â °úÇаú ±â¼úÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀüÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µÎ ¹ø°´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ Ã¢ÀǼº°ú ÀÚ±âÁ¤È­´É·Â (self-correction) ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ Àß ¹ßÇöµÇ´Â ´É·ÂÀÌÁö¿ä.





Á¦°¡ 1980³â´ë ¹Ì±¹ MIT´ëÇп¡¼­ °øºÎÇÒ ¶§ ÀúÀÇ ½º½ÂÀ̾ú´ø ·¹½ºÅÍ ½á·Î¿ì ±³¼ö´Â ¿À·¡ ÀüºÎÅÍ, ÀçÁ¤ÀûÀÚ¿Í ¹«¿ªÀûÀÚ¶ó´Â ½ÖµÕÀÌ ÀûÀÚ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¡°¹Ì±¹ °æÁ¦´Â ¼¼°è °æÁ¦ÀÇ ½ÃÇÑÆøź (time bomb) ¡±À̶ó°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó´Â ¹°·ÐÀÌ°í Áß±¹, ÀϺ» µî Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸¹Àº ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼öÃâ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¸ç °æÁ¦¸¦ ¿î¿µÇØ ¿Ô½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¼¼°è °æÁ¦ÀÇ Å« ¸ð¼øÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ °æÁ¦°¡ ÁßȯÀÚÀε¥, ¼¼°è °æÁ¦°¡ Áö±Ý²¯ ÀÌ ÁßȯÀÚ¿¡ ±â´ë¾î ÁöÅÊÇØ ¿Â ¼ÀÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ °æÁ¦´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó Áö¼Ó °¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ½á·Î¿ì ±³¼ö°¡ ¼¼°è°æÁ¦ÀÇ ½ÃÇÑÆøźÀÎ ¼ÀÀ̶õ °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ°ÍÀ» µÎ°í ÇÑ ¸»ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.





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°ÅÀÇ 200³â Àü, 1830³â¿¡ ÀþÀº ÇÁ¶û½º Æǻ翴´ø ¾Ë·º½Ã µå ÅäÅ©ºôÀº ¡º¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¡»(Democracy in America) ¶ó´Â À¯¸íÇÑ Ã¥À» ½è½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ¡°ÆòµîÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ µ¶¸³¼º¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â À¯Çؼº¡±¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ °æ°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù (P. 672.) ¸ðµç ±¹°¡´Â ¹ÎÁÖÈ­°¡ ÁøÇàµÉ¼ö·Ï Á¡Á¡ ÆòµîÁÖÀÇ·Î È帣°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº Â÷Ãû µ¶¸³½ÉÀ» ÀÒ°í ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. ±¹°¡¾ß ¸»·Î ¡°³ë¿¹»óÅÂÀÇ »õ ¾ó±¼ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±. (p. 410) ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ°¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.





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[¿ø¹®]

Good afternoon.


Welcome to Seoul, Korea





Korea used to be called the ¡°Land of the Morning Calm.¡± Now Korea is a bustling country, full of energy and ¡°can do¡± spirit.





Let me start by telling you about myself and my family. My father was born and raised in a small, rural village in North Korea. He was fated to till the land. He studied only three years in elementary school. That was all the formal education he received. At the age of 17, he ran away from home to Seoul with the money that my grandfather had made selling the family¡¯s only cow.





In Seoul, my father worked as a day laborer at construction sites and as a stevedore in Incheon harbor. He then started his own business. He eventually built the Hyundai Group, which includes Hyundai Motors, and Hyundai Heavy Industries, the largest shipbuilder in the world.





He also established the largest philanthropic organization in Korea which operates one of the largest and best hospitals in the world. I had my heart-valve operation at the hospital 6 years ago and as you can see, now I am still alive and healthy.





My father¡¯s story is the story of modern Korea. It¡¯s more than just coincidence that he named his company Hyundai, which means ¡°modernity¡± in Korean.





Let me know tell you about myself. I studied economics in Korea. Then, I served in the army as an officer. Afterwards I studied at MIT¡¯s Sloan School of Management.





By the way, do you know what MIT stands for? ¡°Made in Taiwan.¡±





For the next several years I worked at Hyundai Heavy Industries. However, I felt that my true calling was in public service. So, I decided to study international relations and went to the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at the Johns Hopkins University in Washington.





My father called himself a ¡°wealthy laborer.¡± I am now a six-term member of the Korean parliament. I call myself a ¡°political laborer.¡±





Today, as fellow students of international affairs, I hope that you and I can share our views on current global affairs and the challenges that we face.





By the way, please call me MJ. Last year, I invited Professor Michael Joseph Sandel of Harvard University, famous for his lectures on justice, to Korea for a lecture. I was very glad to discovered that his initials were also ¡°MJ,¡± just like mine. Besides him, there are many other MJs in the world: Mick Jagger, Michael Jordan, and Magic Johnson. They are all my cousins. So, from now on, please call me MJ.








1) Crisis of the Free Market Economy and Liberal Democracy





Professor Fukuyama, declared in the early 1990s in his famous book, The End of History and the Last Man that the collapse of the Soviet Union and the demise of Communism signaled the ultimate victory of the free market economy and liberal democracy over all other forms of economic and political systems. The ¡°dialectic of history¡± has come to an end because the human race cannot imagine economic and political systems superior to the free market economy and liberal democracy. This argument has been widely accepted since.





However, the current global economic crisis has devastated the market economies of liberal democracies such as the U.S., EU and Japan.





On the other hand, communist country China, has weathered the crisis better than anyone else. China has emerged from the crisis even stronger and more confident. It has fully consolidated its status as a member of the ¡°G2¡±. Now, it seems Professor Fukuyama was somewhat hasty in declaring the ¡°End of History.¡±





Today¡¯s economic crisis reminds me of Karl Marx¡¯s assertion that Capitalism is bound to collapse because of its own internal contradictions. Was Karl Marx right, after all? I still hope not. There were two things that Marx was not able to predict: first, the continuous advances in science and technology and second, human creativity and ability for self-correction, especially in a liberal democracy.





Professor Lester Thurow of MIT, my mentor when I was at the Sloan School in the 1980s, mentioned that the ¡°U.S. economy was a Time Bomb of the world economy¡± because of its so-called ¡°Twin Deficits,¡± budget and trade deficits. Here, the contradiction of the global economy was the fact that China, Japan, Korea and many other countries around the world were relying on exports to the U.S. to feed their economies over the past decades. The entire world has been surviving by feeding on the U.S. economy, who was almost a patient in an intensive care unit. The American economy is no longer sustainable. This is what Prof. Thurow meant by the term a ¡°Time Bomb of the world economy.¡±





Now that the U.S. economy can no longer absorb the exports from the outside world, the world economy is in for a period of recession. Experts predict that the global economy will enter a ¡°slumpflation¡± with high inflation, high unemployment and negative growth.





In Asia, Japan¡¯s national debt exceeds 210% of its GDP. Some experts say that Japan¡¯s situation is not as serious because most of Japan¡¯s national debt is owned by the Japanese and not foreigners. Whether this is true and what implications it has, we need to think further. In any case, everyone has continued consumption beyond means. The importance of a sound fiscal policy cannot be over-emphasized.








Why and how did liberal democracies fail to prevent a global economic crisis?





Almost 200 years ago, in 1830, Alexis de Tocqueville, a young French judge, wrote his famous book, Democracy in America. In the book, he warned about ¡°the perils that equality brings to human independence¡± (p.672). The more a country becomes democratic, the more it becomes egalitarian. Then, people lose their sense of independence and increasingly rely on the government which becomes the ¡°new face of servitude¡± (p.410.) This is how democracies fall.





When the global economic crisis started three years ago, we saw symbols of free market economy such as Citibank and AIG collapse and then survive only through government handouts. The private sector has all but disappeared after which government was the only remaining institution. Tocqueville¡¯s words ring true today as it did almost two centuries ago. It is really amazing that a young French judge was so smart to foresee the weakness of the political system called ¡°democracy.¡±





Politicians always exaggerate their ability to provide things for the people. That is why they are in constant danger of falling victim to populism and demagoguery. Once a country falls into the populist trap, it is very difficult to escape. It is said that ¡°an honest man cannot be cheated.¡± Both the politicians and the people are responsible.





Why do politicians turn to ¡°populism¡± and become ¡°demagogues¡±? They do so when they are unable to present a vision for the country¡¯s future. They present the people with a poisoned apple, called ¡°populism¡± and ¡°welfarism.¡± They mislead the people by saying that the quickest and easiest way for everyone to be better off is to divide-up the already existing pie.








2) The Security Crisis





The power of the U.S. / as the world¡¯s only superpower / derived not only from its economic and military might, but also from its moral leadership as the defender of universal values of individual freedom, human rights, and liberal democracy. As President John F. Kennedy said in his inaugural address, the U.S. has pledged to ¡°pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.¡±





The U.S. fought against European imperialism, Nazism, Fascism, and Japanese Militarism during the First and Second World Wars, and was the bastion of free market economy and Liberal Democracy against Communism during the Cold War. The U.S. was able to defeat such powerful enemies because of its / unwavering commitment / to freedom as captured by the famous words of Patrick Henry, ¡°Give me liberty, or give me death.¡±





Today¡¯s crisis in the U.S. is worrisome because it not only represents economic failure, but also the nation¡¯s inability to manage and sustain the moral community and values it represents. Polarization and paralysis of the political system are symptoms of a systemic decline and failure.





Over the past 30 to 40 years, the gap between U.S. security commitments to its allies and friends and its capacity to keep them has often been noted. The current crisis undermines U.S. moral standing and military credibility throughout the world. The U.S. has been the symbol of democracy in the world. It showed that if you have democracy, you will enjoy peace, human rights, and economic prosperity. Crisis of the U.S. economy is the crisis of Liberal Democracy.





This has serious implications for the entire free world and especially for South Korea¡¯s security.





If we look at the sheer magnitude of the geopolitics of the vast Eurasian continent, the fact that a small country like South Korea—located at the tip of the continent—remains a sovereign nation with a market economy and full democracy is a miracle, a miracle in progress.





This miracle was made possible by continued U.S. support of South Korea¡¯s national security. However our national security faces a great challenge as the United States¡¯ moral authority as the ultimate defender of the free world declines.





Now, I will tell you a very funny joke that I heard from the former Secretary General of the OECD. He said that the Mexican president once said, ¡°Mexico is too far from god and too close to the U.S. and that is a problem.¡± Later, he told this joke to the visiting Israeli Prime Minister who said, ¡°Israel is too close to god and too far from the U.S. and that is a problem.¡± Korea is a deeply religious country. 50% of the people are Christians and the other 50% are Buddhists. So, I can safely say that, ¡°Korea is too close to god and too far from the U.S. and that is a problem.¡±





In the real world, this is not a joke. History shows that when the U.S. abandoned Korea, the latter¡¯s security and existence was threatened. The ¡°Taft-Katsura Memorandum¡± of 1905, a secret conversation between U.S. Secretary of War Taft and Japanese Prime Minister Katsura sealed Korea¡¯s fate. Fresh from victory in the Russo-Japanese War, Japan took this as a clear sign that the U.S. would not object to the Japanese colonization of Korea.



In 1945, by defeating Japan the U.S. literally liberated Korea. In 1949, the Chinese Communists defeated the Nationalists and communized the vast land mass called China. Communism seemed to be sweeping the whole world. In South Korea, intellectuals who were under the spell of communist ideology voluntarily crossed the 38th parallel to North Korea.



That same year, the U.S. forces withdrew from South Korea. In January 1950, U.S. Secretary of State, Dean Acheson, announced that Korea was outside the US ¡°defense perimeter in the Pacific.¡±



It was interpreted by the Communist bloc as an open invitation to take over South Korea. Five months later, the North launched a full scale invasion against the South with the aid of the Soviet Union and China.





The Korean War lasted from June 1950 to July 1953. Korea was completely devastated. Mao¡¯s only son was killed. I was born in 1951 at the height of the Korean War in Busan, a port city in the south of the Korean Peninsula. By the end of the war, Korea was the poorest country in the world with a per capita income of 65 dollars.



The ¡°Korea-U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty¡± signed after the armistice in 1953, was designed to keep the U.S. engaged in peninsular affairs. The Korean peninsula as well as the region has enjoyed a period of unparalleled peace and prosperity since.





China


Let us now turn to China and let me start with a joke:





In 1949, when Communists took over China people said, ¡°Only socialism could save China.¡±



30 years later, in 1979, when Deng Xiaoping started his reforms they said, ¡°Only capitalism could save China¡±




10 years later, in 1989, when the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc fell they said, ¡°Only China could save socialism.¡±




Today, everyone says, ¡°Only China could save capitalism.¡±





China is rapidly rising as the United States continues to struggle. According to the IMF, in terms of purchasing parity, China will be the world¡¯s largest economy in 2016. The Economist magazine predicts the year will be 2020. China is increasing its defense budget and has launched an aircraft carrier.





China¡¯s actions in Northeast Asia are very worrisome. China launched the so-called ¡°Northeast Project¡± which we understand, is an attempt to rewrite the history of Northeast Asia. It claimed that Goguryeo, an ancient Korean kingdom which ruled over much of present-day northern Korea and Manchuria, was an ethnically Chinese kingdom. We regard this as an attempt to reduce the scope and size of Korean history as well as present reality.





Japan


Next, let me briefly speak about Japan.





Japan, the only other nation that is a democracy with a free-market economy in Northeast Asia, is not helping matters, either. Instead, it is making things even more difficult by making unfounded territorial claims and by distorting history. Japanese politicians continue to make provocative claims about Dokdo Island, perhaps as a way to divert the Japanese public¡¯s attention away from intractable domestic issues. This may not necessarily lead to an open war, but it may lead to a tense military standoff over Dokdo island.





North Korea


Regarding North Korea, / its nuclear weapons have dramatically shifted the military balance between the two Koreas. Before North Korea acquired nuclear weapons, there was a possibility that even if North Korea had a large conventional army, we would be able to build a unified, democratic Korea without having to resort to war. However, the situation has now fundamentally changed. North Korea is now using its nuclear weapons as a means of intimidation and continues provocations such as the sinking of the South Korean navy vessel Cheonan and the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island. The Jasmine revolution and the subsequent events in the Middle East only served to strengthen North Korea¡¯s resolve to keep its nuclear program.





North Korea has vowed that next year, 2012 will be the opening year of a ¡°Strong and Prosperous Nation (Gang Seong Dae Guk).¡± They seem to believe that it is superior to the South in terms of its political system, military capabilities, and national discipline, if not in terms of the economy. Kim Jong-il may be telling his subordinates that time is on their side and that the South will eventually bow to North Korea.





The problem is that we are rapidly running out of options for persuading North Korea to give up its nuclear programs. An expert on international affairs recently told me that one of the biggest news in the world today is Iran¡¯s development of nuclear weapons. However, the Iranian nuclear program is said to be 2 to 3 years behind North Korea¡¯s. Many people do not realize how serious the situation is on the Korean Peninsula. The distance between downtown Korea where we are now to the military border is only about 40 kilometers. That is roughly the distance between Manhattan and the JFK Airport.





China seems unwilling to pressure North Korea to give up its nuclear program. It does not want North Korea to collapse, either. Surrounded by thousands of nuclear weapons owned by Russia, India and Pakistan, China perhaps does not regard a few primitive North Korean nuclear devices as a serious threat.





To make things worse, the U.S. seems to be exhausted from the endless and fruitless negotiations with North Korea. In the past, the U.S. demanded ¡°CVID,¡± complete, verifiable, irreversible dismantlement of North Korea¡¯s nuclear program. Since the North¡¯s first nuclear test, the U.S. has stopped using the term. It is now perhaps willing to settle for non-proliferation rather than complete elimination of North Korean nuclear weapons.





Some in South Korea are calling for our own nuclear arsenal. I have called for the re-introduction of tactical nuclear weapons as a bargaining chip against North Korea¡¯s nuclear program. Today, the question is whether peaceful co-existence with a nuclear North Korea is possible. My answer is, no. Maintaining the status quo is not an option. Now is the time to act.





On the other hand, our government has made it clear that the door is open for North Korea to come out of its current isolation. Once it abandons its nuclear programs, South Korea will provide aid and investment that will help North Korea get back on its feet.





As I told you at the beginning of this talk, both my parents are from North Korea. My father took 1001 cows across the border to North Korea in 1998. He also started the Mount Gemugang tourism project as well as the Gaeseong Industrial Complex.





As you all know, North Korean economy has collapsed completely. In the 1990s, up to 3 million North Koreans died of starvation. Kim Il Sung died in 1994. The joke is that in his will, Kim Il Sung told his son, Kim Jong Il, to remain responsible for everything except the economy. Kim Jong Il must be thinking how wise his father¡¯s advice was.





What North Korea needs in order to provide food and other basic necessities to its people are investments in infrastructure and modern industries that South Korean companies like Samsung and Hyundai leads the world in. In terms of capital, industrial capacity, technology, and geography, South Korea is in the best position to help North Korea.





If North Korea makes the strategic decision to abandon its nuclear programs and adopts a policy of opening and reform, I can personally guarantee that South Korea¡¯s best industrial companies will make major investments in North Korea that will transform its economy. This is the only way for the two Koreas to go beyond confrontation to peaceful co-existence. I urge the North Korean leaders to ¡°do the right thing.¡±








3) Conclusion





The crisis that has befallen the leading economies of the world is systemic in nature and requires fundamental rethinking. In the face of this crisis, it is crucial for us to search for a new engine for continued growth for the global economy. In terms of our national security, people and politicians need to wake up to the changing security environment of Northeast Asia. We are at a cross-road in our nation¡¯s history. What we decide will determine our nation¡¯s destiny and the future of this region.





In conclusion, as someone who is somewhat older than you I wanted to tell you that ¡°If winter comes, spring is not far.¡±





Thank you very much for your attention.


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